The majority of transplanted stem cells were xenogenic transplantation. The various stem cell types were applied for transplantation in the cochlea. Many in vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted to repair damaged cochlea and SNHL. The types of stem cell in hearing regeneration We had independently evaluated the studies in terms of the published year, type of sample, and results and discrepancies had agreed using discuss together or a third party as a referee. Full-text articles for hearing regeneration using stem cell transplantation in animals or humans, especially children, were investigated in this narrative review. An additional manual search was performed using reference lists from the research studies and review articles to identify other eligible studies. After the abstract screening, the full text of related studies was reviewed, and studies about stem cell transplantation in the vestibular system and meeting abstracts, editorials, letters, and commentaries were excluded. The following keywords were used to search in the above databases in the English Language: ( OR AND ). For this purpose, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar from 2000 through 2020. In this narrative review article, we investigated the literature regarding hearing regeneration with stem cell transplantation. This review aims to introduce the types of stem cells and routes of transplantation used for hearing regeneration, as well as recent advances for the therapy of SNHL in children. The reports demonstrated the safety and relative improvement in some disorders such as cerebral palsy, autism disorder, and muscular dystrophy. Recently, extensive research has been reported on the role of stem cell therapy for some neurological disorders in children. There was a limitation in survival, differentiation, and integration of those stem cells in the cochlea, but the observed hearing recovery was theoretically explainable with paracrine signaling by stem cells in the cochlea space. Įxperimental studies have reported the recovery of Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) following stem cell transplantation in some auditory injuries. Under special in vitro conditions, these cells are differentiated to hair cell-like cells and auditory neuron-like cells. The otic progenitor cells are produced from human Stem Cells (hSCs). The studies have elucidated that some molecular agents and fibroblast growth factors can be effective in inner ear development. The survival and differentiation of the stem cells have shown variable and challenging outcomes. These studies were demonstrated the potential ability of human stem cells in regeneration medicine in the hearing system. Some studies have investigated the role of human stem cells in the replacement of damaged cells in the Corti Organ in animal models. Some supporting cells in the cochlea can transdifferentiate to hair cells if they follow the metaplasia pathway. Therefore, an alternative strategy of using an external source of stem cells is necessary. However, it is unknown how to activate them, too. Some studies suggest that the existing hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow in the mature inner ear can differentiate into fibrocytes or resident macrophages, but there is no data about developing them to hair cells. There is no evidence of the existence of SCs in nervous and sensory cells of the cochlea after birth. The mammalian body tissues, including humans, have Stem Cells (SCs) that remain after birth and can be useful in regeneration medicine for some diseases. Also, it is costly for patients and the health system.Ĭonsidering the effect of stem cell transplantation in some neurological diseases, stem cell therapy could be a novel therapeutic approach in children with moderate to profound SNHL. CI is not satisfactory in children with auditory neuropathy. It is a metal implant placed inside the cochlea. Cochlear Implantation (CI) is the only helpful treatment for profound hearing loss. The moderate to profound cases certainly require therapeutic management otherwise, it can result in defects in speech and communication skills. The severity of SNHL can range from mild to profound. Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing loss caused by damage to sensory hair cells of the afferent nerve pathway. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 900 million people will suffer from hearing loss by 2050. The prevalence of hearing loss is about 5% (466 million people) in the world, and almost 34 million of them are children.
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